Comprehensive Guide to Hydrolysis and Analysis of Amino Acids

Although this guide generally concentrates on the initial steps of amino acid analysis— emphasizing sample preparation for hydrolysis—this section presents a brief discussion of the more common quantitation approaches used in amino acid analysis. In these examples, the results from amino acid analysis have been obtained; the original sample concentration needs to be calculated. These examples assume that AccQ•Tag or AccQ•Fluor Reagents have been used for the derivatization.

Before proceeding with quantitation:

• Verify that all peaks are correctly identified.
• If retention times do not match, check the values in your calibration table.
• Check for correct integration of all peaks.

For some analyses, the goal is simply to determine the concentration of the analyzed sample. These results are usually expressed in molar concentrations, such as µmol/L. The chromatographic results are typically given in picomoles. To determine the concentration, the picomoles of amino acid reported by the chromatographic software is divided by the injection volume. This value is then multiplied by the volume of diluent divided by the volume derivatized. To complete the calculation, multiply by the dilution factor, and then convert the units to µmoles per liter.

Example calculation:
To determine the concentration of the amino acid in the original sample, based on the reported value, we use the following equation:

Where:

pmol AA = the amount reported for amino acids in sample Vi = injection volume in µL, typically 1 µL

Vd = volume derivatized in µL, typically 10 µL

Vr = volume of diluent used to reconstitute sample in µL Dil. Factor = dilution factor

Example:

An initial 100-µL sample of hydrolyzed protein sample was diluted 1:1 with internal standard. A 10-µL aliquot was derivatized. The injection volume was 1 µI and the reported value was 312.5 pmoles for asparagine (Asn).

The Asn concentration in µmol/L would be:

Determination of the amino acid composition of a hydrolyzed protein involves calculating the molar ratios of the components within a sample.

Each pure protein has a specific stoichiometric number of residues for each amino acid it contains. Ideally, the results of an analysis yield molar ratios that are integers. The degree to which the observed values approach this ideal is a function of the purity of the protein or peptide, the adequacy of the hydrolysis conditions, and the quality of the amino acid analysis.

Example 1 (as reflected in the table below):

1. Tabulate the Observed Picomoles for each amino acid (obtained from analysis).
2. Estimate the number of residues (Estimated Composition) for each amino acid by inspection. Note: The observed residues are the relative molar concentration of each amino acid. Divide all observed picomoles by the least abundant amino acid and round to the nearest digit.
3. Sum the picomoles and the number of residues for all amino acids.
4. Calculate the Average pmol/residue by dividing Sum Observed Picomole by Sum Estimated Composition.
5. Divide each Observed Picomoles by the picomoles/residue value to determine the Observed Composition.

WARNING: For larger proteins, estimation of the number of residues is more difficult because of the greater precision required.

WARNING: Recovery of some amino acids from hydrolysis may be variable (Ser, Tor, Tyr, and Met are subject to degradation; Val and Ile bonds may be difficult to cleave).

Note: To improve quantitation in such cases, it is recommended that a time-course study is performed. Typically, samples are hydrolyzed for 24, 48, and 72 (or 96) hours; labile amino acid values are determined by extrapolation back to zero time, while the values for Ile and Val are taken from the longest hydrolysis.

Example 2:
In some cases, as noted earlier, calculation of the mole percent (the number of residues of each amino acid per 100 residues of protein) may be satisfactory. This is determined as follows:

If an estimate of the molecular weight of the protein is available, two approaches can be used to calculate an approximate composition:

1. Estimate sample molecular weight (MW).
2. Sum the total yields of amino acids in picomoles.
3. Divide the molecular weight by 110, the average MW of amino acids. Note: This gives a good approximation of the total chain length or total amino acids.
4. Divide the total yield by the chain length (equals molar amount of sample injected).
5. For each amino acid, divide the amount by the molar amount injected (equals number of residues per mole). Examine the deviations from integral amounts.
6. Slightly vary the divisor (molar amount injected) up or down to minimize the deviation from integral amounts (obtained in Step 5). This step can be simplified with a computer spreadsheet program or tailored amino acid software that finds the minimum deviations.
7. Remember that values for labile amino acids and stable bond formers may deviate significantly from integral amounts due to poor recoveries from hydrolysis.

This alternative procedure requires more knowledge about the sample.

1. Choose an amino acid in the analysis that meets the following two criteria:
   • Gives good yields upon hydrolysis and derivatization (e.g., Asp, Glu, His, Arg, Ala, Pro, Leu, Phe, Lys). Gly may be a poor choice because it is a common background contaminant; and 
   • Can have only a few residues per mole of sample (based on estimated sample molecular weight and amino acid yield). Such information can be obtained from other procedures, such as cyanogen bromide digestion, which cleaves the intact polypeptide chain selectively at methionine.
2. Based on this information, choose an integral value for this amino acid.
3. Divide the yield of the selected amino acid by the chosen integral value to get the estimated molar amount of sample injected.
4. Follow Section 7.3.2.1, Steps 5 and 6.
5. Check the values (one greater and one less than the chosen integral value) to see if smaller deviations from whole numbers are obtained.

The concentration of peptide or protein in the original sample can be calculated from the sum of the products of the number of picomoles of each amino acid multiplied by its corresponding molecular weight.

Using the example cited in the table from Section 7.3.1, the calculation begins as follows:

Example calculation:

For Asp (asparagine) in the sample: 220 picomoles observed with a molecular weight for the amino acid of 133.10 g/mole gives the following:

This same calculation is applied for each desired amino acid. The table below shows the calculated picograms for each amino acid, with the sum total of picograms protein injected from the sample in the lower right.

In the analysis of food and feeds, the above-mentioned calculated values also apply. However, the more important information for most feed analyses is the content of specific, growth-limiting amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine. The value most commonly of concern is the % amino acid content by weight in the sample.

To calculate the % by weight of an amino acid:

Example calculation:

The reported value of Amount (pmol/µL) must be multiplied by the Residue MW (gm/mol) and any conversion factors.

The reported amount in g/mol is then multiplied by any dilution factors. The result is then divided by the weight of the sample, and then multiplied by 100 to convert to a percent.

Example calculation:

Where:

    Amount = amount of amino acid in g/mL

    Dilution = dilution of sample

Sample weight = weight in mg

This method requires the use of an internal standard.

Example calculation:

The peak area for the internal standard is multiplied by the weight of the amino acid in mg. This is then divided by the result of multiplying the peak area of the amino acid by the weight of internal standard.

Where:

    RF_aa = response factor for the amino acid

    P_n = peak area for internal standard

    P_aa = peak area for the amino acid in the sample

    W_aa = weight of the amino acid in mg

    W_n = weight of internal standard in mg

The % content calculation begins with the multiplication of the peak area of the amino acid by the calculated response factor. This is then multiplied by the internal standard factor. This number then is divided by the multiplicand of the peak area of the internal standard and the weight of the sample analyzed. This is then converted to a percent.

Where:

    P_aa = peak area of amino acid

    P_n = peak area of internal standard

    RF_aa = calculated response factor

    IS = calculated internal standard factor

Example:

For an amino acid in a feed sample, the following values were determined:

    Weight of amino acid (W_aa) = 0.5 mg

    Peak area of amino acid (P_aa) = 100,000

    Peak area of internal standard (P_n) = 110,000

    Weight of internal standard (W_n) = 0.5 mg

    Weight of test portion (W_s) = 10 mg

0.5 mg x 2 x 10-2 = 0.05

The amino acid of concern is present at a level of 0.9% by weight of the feed.

In this Primer

Comprehensive Guide to Hydrolysis and Analysis of Amino Acids

Introduction to Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of Purified Proteins and Peptides

Hydrolysis of Food and Feed Samples

Operation of the Eldex Hydrolysis/Derivatization Workstation for Liquid- and Vapor-Phase Hydrolysis

Operation of the CEM Discover SP Microwave Reaction System for Amino Acid Hydrolysis

Derivatization of Amino Acids Using Waters AccQ•Tag Chemistry

Quantitation of Amino Acids

Summary